日本建築の美　Aesthetics in Nippon Architecture　

大きな地図で見る
敷地:東京都東久留米市学園町

竣工:昭和10年(1935年)

Location:Gakuencho,Higashikurume City,Tokyo

Establishment:1935

感想 Impression

4月20日、自由学園南澤キャンパスを見学してきました。フランク・ロイド・ライトに師事し、旧帝国ホテルの設計工事監理に従事した遠藤新氏の設計で、1929年に初等部、1934年に女子部そして1935年に男子部の順に各校舎が竣工し今も尚、現役で使用されている初等部から高等部まで一貫教育の私立学校です。以下にその印象を纏めましたので、ご一読戴ければ幸いです。
東久留米市南澤の緑豊かな敷地に広がるキャンパスの正門を入って直ぐ左側にあるクラブハウスに集合してから見学は始まりました。各校舎は分散して配置され、まず最も古い初等部の講堂及び教室棟の外観だけを見学しました。簡素な素材で意匠された端正な外観が好ましく、中庭を挟んで講堂から渡り廊下、教室が左右対称に有機的につながっている平面からは師のフランク・ロイド・ライトの影響が感じられます。
初等部の渡り廊下を通り抜けて、緩やかに北に向かって下っていくと突然、視界が開けて広々とした緑の芝生が眼に飛び込んできました。南側に広大な芝生の庭(運動場)を抱えた女子部の校舎が土堤の丘から一望に見渡せる爽快な景観です。女子部の校舎も初等部と同じように、中庭を挟むように北側奥の食堂を中心に、その両翼は池を挟んで教室を向かい合わせに並べ、食堂から伸びる廻廊でそれらを繋いでいます。南に下った地形に合わせて低く置かれた体操館によって、ぐるりと緩やかに囲まれた芝の中庭の小さな広場のようなスケール感が心地良く、美しいハーモニーを奏でるような全体構成が秀逸です。女子部の見学では、講堂と食堂の内部を見ることが出来ましたが、西側に一段高く構えられた講堂は生憎、外部が改修中でした。遠藤氏には講堂に対する独自の考えがあり、自ら魚料理になぞらえて「三枚おろし」と呼んだ構造と断面上の工夫を施して数々の講堂の設計をしていたという。魚を三枚におろすように、建物を縦に割いて中身の中央と脇身の左右両側に3分割する。中央と左右の間の魚の中骨にあたる部分に長手の組梁を入れ、これに屋根を架けることで、小屋組が小さくなり、中央部分の天井は高くなる。両側の脇身部分は葺きおろして軒高を低く抑えることで、建物全体の高さが低くなって経済的になり、断面も美しく引き締まった姿になるなどのメリットを挙げている。この女子部の講堂でもこの構造方式がとられ、三分割された中央部分の天井は高く、両サイド部分の天井は低く軒高が抑えられ、内部空間にメリハリをつけ落ち着いた雰囲気を生み出しているようです。整然とした全体構成の中、西側の高い地盤に位置する講堂の高さが抑えられ、低い地盤に建つ平屋の食堂棟や教室、体操館のボリュームと違和感なく調和している姿が好ましい。食堂棟は女子部の中心施設としての象徴性が、切妻屋根と列柱、縦長の開口で構成された相称的な立面で表現され、ライトが手掛けた自由学園明日館の意匠を踏襲しながら更に近代主義の美学で味付けをしたような印象を持ちました。
敷地の北側奥にある女子部を巡ってから、再び広い芝生のグラウンドを横切って南下すると、一番おそくに建てられた男子部校舎に辿り着きます。初等部・女子部と共通した中庭を囲んだ配置で、中央東側奥の体育館の両サイドに片流れ屋根の教室が直線的に並ぶ構成です。正面体育館の立面も女子部食堂棟と同様、列柱と縦長の開口のパターンでデザインされていますが、フラットな屋根と両翼に伸びる廻廊の大きな壁面とアーチ型開口の存在によって、全体が男性的に力強く纏められています。
見学が終わり正門を出ると、今観たキャンパスの風景が再び頭に浮かびました。70年以上の長い歳月が経過した学園の大らかで人間的な環境が良好に維持され、今も現役として生徒達をはぐくんでいることは、建築が社会資産しての使命を全うしている理想的な姿ではないでしょうか。

On April 20th, it visited Jiyu Gakuen Minamisawa campus. By the design of Arata Endou to have done a teacher thing to Frank Lloyd Wright and to have engaged in old Imperial Hotel’s design supervision of construction work, a beginning class has been completed in 1929 and and then, each schoolhouse has been in turn in the man part completed in 1935 in the woman part in 1934. It is the private school of the consistent education from the beginning class which is still used, being current still more to the high school. Because it mediated between the impression below, it is happy if it is possible to take in the reading.
In the front gate at the campus which spreads to Higashikurume City Minamisawa’s rich environment, after assembling to the clubhouse which is stored and is in the left side at once, the visit started. Each schoolhouse dispersed and was arranged and visited only the outward appearance of the auditorium and the classroom building of the almost oldest beginning class. The handsome outward appearance that that a design was done with the simple material was done is desirable and of the influence of Frank Lloyd Wright of the teacher moved from the plane where the breezeway, the classroom connect with the symmetricalness functionally from the auditorium across the court.
The with the scenery spreading out suddenly when going through the breezeway of the beginning class and descending it gently for the north open green grass dived into the eyes. The schoolhouse in the woman part which had a garden ( the playground ) at the vast grass in the south side is the refreshing view which the bird’s-eye view can survey from the hill of the mound of earth. For the schoolhouse in the woman part, too, to put in a court like the beginning class, in the dining room in the back, the both wings arrange a classroom in the confrontation across the pond and in the north side, they are joining them in the corridor which stretches from the dining room. The scale sense in the pleasure like the small plaza at the court at the lawn which was turning around gently surrounded by the gymnastics building which was placed low according to the landform which descended in the south and the whole composition as it plays a beautiful harmony is excellent. In the visit of the woman part, the inside of the auditorium and the dining room could be seen but as for the auditorium which was held 1 paragraph high with the west side, unfortunately, the outside was to be during repair. It says that it did the structure of Endo had a unique idea to the auditorium, and to have compared it to the fish dish personally and for it to have been called ” dropping by three sheets ” and a device on the section and that it was designing many auditoriums. To fillet a fish, it spares a building lengthwise and it divides it into the center of the contents and side body both sides of either side in 3. The roof truss becomes small in putting the set beam of the stretcher in the part which hits the metatarsus of the fish between at the center and on either side and spanning with the roof in this and the ceiling in the midsection becomes high. The height of the whole building becomes low in covering, and dropping a side body part on both sides and suppressing an eave height low and becomes economic and it gives the merit to become the appearance that the section, too, tightened up beautifully, and so on. The ceiling in the midsection which was divided in 3 with this structural system caught at the auditorium in this woman part is high and the ceiling in the both sides part seems to invent the atmosphere where the eave height put modulation to the interior space, being suppressed low and settled. The height of the auditorium which is located in the high ground in the west side in the composition to have done orderly with the whole is suppressed and the appearance which is harmonized without the dining room building and the classroom of the one-storied house which is built at the low ground, the volume and the sense of incongruity of the gymnastics building is desirable. The dining room building more had the impression as it seasoned by the aesthetics of the modernism while a denotement as the central facilities in the woman part was expressed in the elevation surface having to do with symmetry which was composed in the opening of the gable roof, and the colonnade, the long and the light followed a design at the building Jiyu Gakuen Myonichikan which was dealt with.
It arrives at the man part schoolhouse which boiled most late when going south across the ground at the again wide grass after traveling around the woman part which is in the back in the north side in site and was built. In the arrangement which surrounded the court which is common to the beginning class and the woman part, the classroom of one flow roof is directly in line standing composition at the both sides at the gym in the central east side back. It designs in the pattern in the opening of the colonnade and the long like the woman part dining room building of the elevation surface at the front gym, too, but the flat roof and the whole is forcefully mediated between manly by the existence in the big wall and the arch type opening in the stretching corridor to both wings.
When the visit left an end front gate, the scenery of the campus which was seen now appeared on the head again. That the easy-going and human environment in the academy with the long passed time of equal to or more than 70 years is maintained, being good, and that it makes current still and to be cherishing students are the ideal appearance which has fulfilled the mission where there is an architecture in the social assets.

参照文献 Reference

「遠藤新生誕100年記念-人間・建築・思想」/INAX/1989 “The commemoration of 100 of Arata Endou’s birth-The human being, the architecture and the thought”/published by INAX/1989

中庭より女子部の食堂を望む Ｖｉｅｗ of the dining room building in the woman part from the court

送信者 日本の近代建築　Modern architectures in Japan

女子部食堂の内観 Interior of the woman part dining room

送信者 日本の近代建築　Modern architectures in Japan

Tags: modern

Trackback URI | Comments RSS