日本建築の美　Aesthetics in Nippon Architecture　

Ⅰ.大江戸の中心 The center in the Ooedo

広重「名所江戸百景」日本橋雪晴れ　戦前(1930)の日本橋 Nihonbashi in 1930

大江戸の中心であった日本橋は、東の海から昇る朝日を直々に眺めることが出来たので名付けられたという。初めてここに橋が架けられたのは慶長8年(1603)といわれている。全長37間4尺5寸(約68.6m)、幅4間2尺5寸(約8m)、橋脚8本、反りのある木橋で、歌川広重の「名所江戸百景」や「江戸名所図会」で描かれた威容が偲ばれる。現在の橋は明治44年(1911)に架けられたもので、花崗岩で覆われたアーチを二つ並べた形をしており、全長49m 幅27m、江戸の頃から長さが19m縮まり幅が19m広がっている。橋の下を流れる日本橋川は古くは平川といい、外濠の常盤橋と呉服橋との間から流れ出、日本橋の下を通過し、隅田川の河口で辺りで江戸湾へ注ぎ江戸湊に通じていた。日本橋周辺はその立地条件の良さから水上及び陸上流通の拠点として栄え、江戸・帝都随一の繁華と美観を備えた名所であった。しかし、現在の東京で名所と問われて、日本橋を挙げる人は、恐らくいないだろう。東京オリンピック直前の昭和38年(1963)に日本橋川には首都高速道路が架けられ、日本橋は頭上を塞がれて空を喪い、名所と謳われた眺望は完全に損なわれてしまった。
Nihonbashi who was a center in the Ooedo says that he was named because he could look directly at the morning sun which rises from the sea in the east. The bridge is a frame respectively for the first time. To have been kicked is said to that it does 8 of Keicho (1603). The dignified appearance which was drawn with Utagawa Hiroshige’s ” Sight to see in Edo, 100 pieces of scenery ” and ” Edo sightseeing map ” at the bridge of the wood which has the about 68.6 m full length, about 8 m width, eight piers, a curve is remembered. At present, it has the 49 m full length The contraction width of 19 m is spreading by 19 m in the length from around Edo at the 27 m width. Nihonbashi river which flows under the bridge is old. It said Hirakawa, it poured off among at Tokiwa bridge in the outer moat and in Gofuku-bashi in it, it passed Nihonbashi and it led Sumidagawa estuary to flow Edo Minato to Edo Bay at the vicinity. The neighborhood of Nihonbashi was the sight to see which was equipped with the beauty with the prosperity that Edo and the imperial capital are best, prospering as on the water and the base of the land circulation from doing the improving of the geographical conditions. However, it asks with the sight to see in the present Tokyo and there will are not a person who nominates Nihonbashi. It spanned with Shuto freeway in 1963, on Nihonbashi river in the Toko Olympic Games eve, Nihonbashi lost the sky overhead, being covered and the view which was declared to be a sight to see had been fully compromised.
戦前(1932）の日本橋　Nihonbashi in 1932 　日本橋上の首都高速(1963) Expressway on Nihonbashi

Ⅱ.魚河岸発祥の地　Place of the riverside fish market origination

江戸名所図会 日本橋魚市 Nihonbashi fish market　明治末の日本橋 Nihonbashi in 1911

繁華な日本橋周辺の中心には魚河岸があった。日本橋を北に渡って右寄り、日本橋から江戸橋にかけての日本橋川沿いには、かつて三百年に亘って江戸・帝都の台所だった魚河岸があり、新鮮な魚を売り買いする人達で大いに活況を呈していたという。魚河岸の始まりは幕府の要請で江戸に来た摂津国(大阪府)佃村の漁師達が、隅田川河口、現在の佃島を拝領して移り住み、江戸湾内で漁業を営んで、幕府に納めた魚の残りを日本橋川沿いで売り捌いたことにあると伝えられている。大正12年(1923)の関東大震災で魚河岸は焼き尽くされてしまい、昭和8年(1933)築地に移転して中央卸売市場となり、三百年の歴史を閉じました。今は「日本橋魚市場発祥の地」と印した記念碑が昔日の盛況を留めるように日本橋の北詰めのたもとに静かに置かれています。There was a riverside fish market in the center around prospering Nihonbashi. It says that it migrated to the north　and that there was a riverside fish market which was a kitchen in Edo and at the imperial capital formerly for 300 in Nihonbashi riverside to Edobashi from being rightish, Nihonbashi and that Nihonbashi presented activity greatly by the people who buy and sell a fresh fish. It tells that the beginning at the riverside fish market lies in that fishermen in the Tsukuda village in Oosaka which came in Edo by the request of the Shogunate were moved to Sumidagawa estuary, present Tsukudajima and leading fishery in Edo Bay and selling the remainder of the fish to have supplied the Shogunate with on　Nihonbashi riverside. In Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, the riverside fish market had been burned up, and moved to Tsukiji in 1933 and became a terminal market and closed history in 300. Now, Nihonbashi’s sleeve in the northern coast resembles for ” the place of the Nihonbashi fish market origination ” and the written　monument to stop great success in the old times and is quietly put.
日本橋の魚河岸 Nihonbashi’ｓ fish market　魚河岸の石碑　Monument at Nihonbashi fish market

Ⅲ.近代建築の白木屋　Shirokiya of the modern architecture

名所江戸百景日本橋通一丁目略図　　　　　　　白木屋 Shirokiya

江戸時代の日本橋は、日本の中心でもあり江戸から全国各地への里程はこの橋から計られ、東海道など五街道の起点であった。日本橋を起点とした東海道は日本橋通り(現中央通り)と呼ばれ、通りの両側には京橋まで伊勢、近江、京都などの商家の江戸店がずらっと軒を並べていた。広重の「名所江戸百景」で描かれているこの通りの東側に、近江商家の白木屋呉服店がある。白木屋は明治末期から大正にかけて老舗の三越と同様に呉服店から近代的な百貨店と変貌していった。昭和3年(1928)には石本喜久治の設計によるモダニズム建築の日本橋本店新館がオープン。更に昭和6年(1931)には右側の東館が増築されて百貨店全体が完成した。外観を眺めると、水平スラブラインと大きなガラス開口によって透明性が強調された印象を受ける。全体がインターナショナルスタイルで纏められているが、アール面と水平性をパースペクティブに強調しているところにドイツ表現派(E・メンデルゾーンのショッケン百貨店1930)や構成主義の影響が感じられる。白木屋は昭和31年(1956年)に東急電鉄の傘下に入り、昭和42年(1967)に東急百貨店日本橋店と改称された。平成11年(1999)の1月、ついに閉店となり寛文2年(1662)の創業以来336年の歴史に幕を閉じた。現在、白木屋跡地には百貨店ならぬ複合型商業ビルのCOREDO日本橋が聳えている。

ショッケン百貨店　Schocken Department store

As for Nihonbashi in the Edo period, the being of the mileage from Edo to all over the country of being a center in Japan, too, was done the starting points of 5 highways such as Tokaido, being measured from this bridge. Tokaido who starts in Nihonbashi was called Nihonbashi street and Edo shop at the shops such as Ise, Oumi, Kyoto was arranging an eaves to Kyobashi on both sides of the street. There is Shiroki shop mercery at Oumi shop in the east side as this which is drawn in Hiroshige’s ” Sight to see in Edo, 100 pieces of scenery “. A Shiroki shop was transformed from the mercery into Taishou with the modern department store like long-established store Mitsukoshi, Ltd. from the last years of Meiji. In 1928, the Nihonbashi head office extension at the modernism architecture by the design of Kikuji Ishimoto opened. In 1931, the east building in the right was more enlarged and the whole department store was complete. The horizontal slave line when looking at the outward appearance and the transparency gets an emphasized impression by the big glass opening. The whole is mediated between by International style but of the influence of the German expression school(Erich Mendelsohn,Schocken Department store 1930) and the constructivism being moved in the place to be emphasizing earle surface and a horizontality to the perspective. A Shiroki shop was changed with the entering under the umbrella of the Tokyu electric railroad in 1956 and was changed with Tokyu Department Store Nihonbashi shop in 1967. 1999 pieces of January, it closed a curtain to the history in 336 since foundation of the closing and 1662 of becoming at last. Coredo Nihonbashi at the complexed commercial-building which doesn’t become a Shiroki shop vacant lot at the department store at present towers
白木屋　Shirokiya

小泉氏がまだ首相だった平成17年(2005)の年末、その発言で日本橋の存在が俄かに注目されたことは記憶に新しい。首相は「川のたもとを散歩で楽しめるように、日本橋の昔ながらの名勝を復活させ、世界的な名所にしたい」と説明し、日本橋の上をまたがり、川に沿って走る首都高速道路の移設を検討する有識者会議を招集した。この計画は、半年後(2006)の9月に報告書として基本方針が小泉首相に提出され、高速道路の地下移設による多額な工費の財源などについて賛否両論の社会的反響を呼んだ。しかし、計画をぶち上げた小泉氏が任期切れで官邸を去った後、首相はこの2年で3人も替わったが、この計画が現在も、麻生内閣と国土交通省で実現に向けて検討されているのか定かではない。日本橋に再び空が戻る日は来るのだろうか。

To have boiled and that whether Nihonbashi’s existence was sudden in the end of the year in 2005 when Koizumi still was a prime minister, the remark in it was remarkable are fresh in memory. It explained ” that it restored the traditional place of scenic beauty of Nihonbashi as it is possible to enjoy a sleeve on the river by the stroll and that ” the prime minister “wanted to make a worldwide sight to see “, on Nihonbashi, it extended and it summoned the well informed person conference which reviews the moving of Capital expressway to run according to the river. It makes this plan a report in September of 2006 behind the half year and a basic policy is presented to Prime Minister Koizumi. It had a social public response of the pros and cons about the fiscal resource with many costs of construction which are due to the basement moving by the expressway and so on. However, it is after Koizumi who strikes a plan up leaves an official residence, that the term of office breaking is done. Three prime ministers changed in this 2 but this plan isn’t certain about whether it is reviewed in Asao cabinet and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport to be realized at present, too. The day when the sky returns to Nihonbashi again, will it come?
参照文献 Reference
「江戸切絵図で歩く広重の大江戸名所百景散歩-嘉永・安政　江戸の風景119」/人文社発行/1996 “Hiroshige’s Ooedo sight to see 100 view stroll-The scenery in 119 pieces of Edo”/published by Jinbunsha/1996
「1933 大東京写真案内」/博文館復刻/1990 “1933 The big Tokyo photograph guide”/reproduced by Hakubunkan/1990
「大東京写真帖」/忠誠堂発行/1930 “The pictorial of Tokyo”/published by Chuseidou/1930
「東京人-東京を読む」/財団法人東京都文化振興会発行/1994 “Tokyojin-It reads and comprehends Tokyo”/published by The foundation Tokyo culture promotion association/1994

Tags: Fogone days of the Metropolis

Trackback URI | Comments RSS